Keywords:-
Article Content:-
Abstract
Introduction: In this research, the time until the development of hypertension among diabetes mellitus patients is estimated. This study has also identified the determinants of hypertension among the patients using a data set from two hospitals in Bayelsa state, Nigeria.
Materials and Method: A sample of 206 subjects with diabetes mellitus were available for the research. The outcome variable or event of interest (survival time) which is the duration during which the diabetes subjects developed hypertension. The Kaplan Meier curve was used to estimate and plot the survival function. The Cox model was also used to explore the relationship between the survival of a subject and several predictor variables.
Results: The median survival time to develop hypertension after diabetes diagnosis is approximately 56 months (4 years and 8 months). The underweight patients are having a superior survival to the other BMI categories as the graph of the underweight patients is consistently higher than the others. The Cox proportional test shows that there are highly significant effects of at least some predictor variables and the determinants of hypertension are age, type of job, income, BMI, salt intake and history of hypertension.
Conclusion: This research concludes by recommending that diabetes patients should manage their blood sugar levels properly in order to lower the risk of hypertension and also patients should reduce the intake of salt, do regular physical activities which yields an acute lowering of blood pressure and manage their weight (BMI) to reduce the combined risk of diabetes and hypertension.
References:-
References
Bhuiyan, M. A S., Chowdhury, U. W. K, Sharker, M. A, Uddin, M. J, Ataullah, M., Razib, A. H, Islam, S. R, Rana, M., Pervage, L and Hossain, N. 2025. Comorbidity Profile of Hypertension and Diabetes Among Middle-Aged and Elderly Patients in a Clinical Setting, European Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine, 418 – 422.
Cox, D. R. 1972 Regression Models and Life Tables (with discussion). Journal of Royal Statistical Society B 34, 187-200.
Gallagher D, Visser M, Sepulveda D, Pierson R. N, Harris T. Heymsfield S. B. 1996. How useful is body mass index for comparison of body fatness across age, sex, and ethnic groups? American Journal of Epidemiology, (3) 143:228-39.
Goldenberg. I, Kutyifa. V, Klein H. U, Cannom D.S, Brown M.W, Dan. A, et al. 2014. Survival with cardiac-resynchronization therapy in mild heart failure, New England Journal of Medicine. 370(18):1694-1701.
Kenore. Y, Abrha. S, Yosef. A and Gelgelu T.B 2021. Determinants of Hypertension Among Patients with Diabetes mellitus in Public Hospitals of Kembata Tambaro Zone, South Nations Nationalities and Peoples Region, Ethiopia: A Case Control Study. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 15:2141-2152. doi: 10.2147/JMDH.S379293. PMID: 36193190; PMCID: PMC9526505.
Lastra. G, Syed. S, Kurukulasuriya L.R, Manrique .C, and Sowers J.R 2014. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension: an update. Endocrinology Metabolism Clinics of North America. 43(1):103-22. doi: 10.1016/j.ecl.2013.09.005. Epub 2013 Dec 12. PMID: 24582094; PMCID: PMC3942662.
Lee, Seung Won 2023. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards regression in
survival analysis: statistical standard and guideline of Life Cycle Committee, Life Cycle 3(6), 1-9, https://doi.org/10.54724/lc.2023.e8
Liu, Yulu 2023. A Review of Survival Analysis Theory and Its Application, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Culture, Design and Social Development (CDSD 2022) 477-487. Doi: 10.2991/978-2-38476-018-3_54
Mei Y, Zhang H, Miao J, Liu X, Chen D, Jiang M and Ding L 2026 Medication adherence in hypertension and diabetes comorbidity: implications for disease control in a population-based study. Front. Public Health 14:1708587. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2026.1708587.
R Development Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2008.
Samar A. Antar, Nada A. Ashour, Marwa Sharaky, Muhammad Khattab, Naira A. Ashour, Roaa T. Zaid, Eun Joo Roh, Ahmed Elkamhawy, Ahmed A. Al-Karmalawy 2023. Diabetes mellitus: Classification, mediators, and complications; A gate to identify potential targets for the development of new effective treatments, Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 168, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115734.
Shariq O.A, McKenzie T.J 2020. Obesity-related hypertension: a review of pathophysiology, management, and the role of metabolic surgery, Gland Surgery, 9(1):80-93. doi: 10.21037/gs.2019.12.03. PMID: 32206601; PMCID: PMC7082272.
Shittu, Aminu. 2026. Survival Analysis in Cancer Research. 10.13140/RG.2.2.12012.63362.
Thompson, Daniel & Martinez, Rebecca & Collins, Andrew & Carter, Melissa & William, Elijah & Faruk, M. 2026. Survival Analysis Under Different Censoring Mechanisms.
World Health Organization 1999
https://www.who.int/data/nutrition/nlis/info/malnutritioninwomen#:~:text=Overweight%20%2D%20A%
BMI%20%E2%89%A525,is%20a%20major%20determinant%20of&text=Worldwide%20trends%20in%
body%2Dmass%20index%2C,studies%20with%20128.9%20million%20participants.